• Contents
• Previous: Title Page
• Up: Title Page
• Next: Foreword to the present version of this report

Contents

• Title
• Abstract
• Foreword to the present version of this report; David Cuthbertson, 1999
• Foreword [Holleman, ca.1982]
• 1 Introduction: Transmutation in Inorganic Nature
• • 1.1 The Chemical Laws
  • 1.2 Transmutation in Inorganic Nature
  • 1.3 Older Transmutation Conceptions
• 2 Transmutation in Organic Nature
• • 2.1 Vitalism at the Beginning of the 19th Century
  • 2.2 Biological Transmutation Experiments to 1842
  • 2.3 Historical Justification of the Vitalistic Idea
  • 2.4 The End of the Vitalistic Period
  • 2.5 The Experimentum Crucis of Wiegmann and Polstorff
• 3 Directions for Transmutation Experiments
• • 3.1 General Viewpoints
  • • 3.1.1 Spatial Considerations: the Closed System
    • 3.1.2 Need for Controls and Statistics
    • 3.1.3 The Duration of the Experiment
    • 3.1.4 Step-wise Analysis of Parallel, Identical Systems
    • 3.1.5 Extent of the Organic Process
    • • 3.1.5.1 Composition of the Nutrient Solution
      • 3.1.5.2 The Cumulative Method
  • 3.2 Practical Measures
• 4 Critical Review of Earlier Experiments
• • 4.1 Research Before 1840
  • 4.2 Wiegmann and Polstorff's Experiment
  • 4.3 Later Research
• 5 Arguments For and Against Further Research
• 6 Description of Holleman's Transmutation Experiments
• • 6.1 Summary of the Methods Used
  • 6.2 Essentials of the Set Ups
  • 6.3 Composition of the Experimental Series; Experiments I - III
  • • 6.3.1 Experiments I - III (1975 - 1982)
    • 6.3.2 Experiments IV - V (1982 - 1987)
    • 6.3.3 Experiment VI (1987 - 1989)
• 7 Holleman's Experiments 1975 - 1982
• • 7.1 Materials and Methods
  • • 7.1.1 Overview
    • 7.1.2 Apparatus and Materials
    • • 7.1.2.1 Shaking Bath
      • 7.1.2.2 Containment Materials
      • 7.1.2.3 Other Glassware
      • 7.1.2.4 Chemicals
      • 7.1.2.5 Gas Supply
      • 7.1.2.6 Lighting
      • 7.1.2.7 Sterilisation
    • 7.1.3 Nutrient Solution
    • 7.1.4 Algal Cultures
    • • 7.1.4.1 Production of Cultures
      • 7.1.4.2 Meassurement of Cell Number
    • 7.1.5 Procedure
    • • 7.1.5.1 Growth of Cultures
      • 7.1.5.2 Shaking Bath
      • 7.1.5.3 Controls
      • 7.1.5.4 Chemical Analysis
  • 7.2 Results
  • • 7.2.1 Analytical Results
    • 7.2.2 Health of the Cultures
    • 7.2.3 Sources of Error Identified by Holleman
• 8 Experiment V
• • 8.1 Materials and Methods
  • • 8.1.1 Overview
    • 8.1.2 Apparatus and Materials
    • • 8.1.2.1 Environmental Control
      • 8.1.2.2 Containment Materials
      • 8.1.2.3 Other Glassware
      • 8.1.2.4 Chemicals
      • 8.1.2.5 Gas Supply
      • 8.1.2.6 Lighting
      • 8.1.2.7 Sterilisation
    • 8.1.3 Nutrient Solution
    • 8.1.4 Algal Cultures
    • • 8.1.4.1 Production of Cultures
      • 8.1.4.2 Meassurement of Cell Number
    • 8.1.5 Procedure
    • • 8.1.5.1 Growth of Cultures
      • 8.1.5.2 Ashing and Provision of Nutrient Solutions
      • 8.1.5.3 Controls
      • 8.1.5.4 Chemical Analysis
  • 8.2 Results
  • • 8.2.1 Analytical Results
    • 8.2.2 Health of the Cultures
• 9 Holleman's Experiments, 1987 - 1989 (Experiment VI)
• • 9.1 Materials and Methods
  • • 9.1.1 Overview
    • 9.1.2 Apparatus and Materials
    • • 9.1.2.1 Lighting
    • 9.1.3 Measurement of Cell Numbers
    • 9.1.4 Procedure
    • • 9.1.4.1 Light / Dark Regime
      • 9.1.4.2 Ashing and Reconstitution of Nutrient Solution
      • 9.1.4.3 Chemical Analysis
    • 9.2 Results
    • • 9.2.1 Synchronicity of Chlorella Cultures
      • 9.2.2 Health of the Cultures
  • 10 Critical Discussion of Holleman's Chlorella Research
  • • 10.1 Materials and Methods
    • • 10.1.1 Overview
      • 10.1.2 Apparatus and Materials
      • • 10.1.2.1 Shaking Bath and Temperature Controlled Chamber
        • 10.1.2.2 Containment Materials of Cultures
        • 10.1.2.3 Other Glassware
        • 10.1.2.4 Chemicals
        • 10.1.2.5 Gas Supply and Agitation
        • 10.1.2.6 Lighting
        • 10.1.2.7 Sterilisation
      • 10.1.3 Nutrient Solution
      • 10.1.4 Algal Cultures
      • • 10.1.4.1 Production of Cultures
        • 10.1.4.2 Meassurement of Cell Numbers
      • 10.1.5 Procedure
      • • 10.1.5.1 Growth of Cultures
        • 10.1.5.2 Ashing and Provision of New Nutrient Solutions
        • 10.1.5.3 Controls
        • 10.1.5.4 Chemical Analysis
    • 10.2 Results
    • • 10.2.1 Analytical Results
      • 10.2.2 Health of Cultures
      • 10.2.3 Sources of Error
  • 11 Conclusions and recommendations
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix I: An Obituary of Professor L.W.J. Holleman and his Curriculum Vitae
  • Acknowledgements